Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory OER

Identify the following structures

Nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

1. Nostril
2. Nasal cavity
3. Nasal septum
4. Concha
5. Hard palate
6. Soft palate
7. Frontal sinus
8. Sphenoid sinus
9. Nasopharynx
10. Oropharynx
11. Laryngopharynx

Larynx

1. Hyoid bone
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
4. Cricoid cartilage
5. Vocal cords

Trachea

1. Tracheal cartilages

Bronchial tree and lungs

1. Primary bronchus (right and left)
2. Secondary bronchi
3. Lung (right and left)
4. Oblique fissure
5. Horizontal fissure
6. Diaphragm
7. External intercostal muscles

• Models
  •  Respiratory model
• Videos
  • Respiratory model video
• Virtual Lab on McGraw Hill
  • None
• OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook
  • Chapter 22.1
  • Chapter 22.2

Nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

(Head and digestive models)

1. Nostril - either of two external openings of the nasal cavity that admit air into the nasal cavity
2. Nasal cavity - the space inside the nose; superior to the palate and anterior to nasopharynx; air enters the nasal cavity through the nostrils and exits via the internal nares to enter the pharynx; separated into left and right cavities (aka fossae) by the nasal septum; each lateral wall of the cavity has three conchae;  filters, warms and humidifies the air; also contain special cells that are involved in the sense of smell. 
3. Nasal septum - cartilaginous and bony structure that separates the nasal cavity into left and right nasal fossae
4. Concha - elongated seashell-shaped bony projection; on lateral walls of nasal cavity; increase the surface area and disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to bounce along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and warmed.
5. Hard palate - bony plate that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity; separates the oral and nasal cavities
6. Soft palate - composed mainly of skeletal muscle; posterior to the hard palate, has a fleshy hanging extension called the uvula
7. Frontal sinus - an air-filled space in the frontal bone; located just above the eyebrows; warms/humidifies air, resonates voice and lightens the weight of the skull
8. Sphenoid sinus - an air-filled space in the body of the sphenoid bone, just anterior and inferior to the sella turcica; the most posterior of the paranasal sinuses; produces mucus and lightens the weight of the skull
9. Nasopharynx - most superior portion of the pharynx; posterior to nasal cavity; passageway for air only; houses the pharyngeal tonsils
10. Oropharynx - middle portion of the pharynx; is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx, anteriorly by the oral cavity, and inferiorly by the laryngopharynx; passageway for both air and food; contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
11. Laryngopharynx - inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx; continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge

Larynx

(Head, respiratory and digestive models)

1. Hyoid bone - small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck near the level of the inferior mandible; attachment structure for the tongue and for muscles in the floor of the oral cavity.
2. Thyroid cartilage - single hyaline cartilage; largest cartilage of the larynx; has the “Adam’s apple” also known as the laryngeal prominence
3. Epiglottis - single elastic cartilage; covers the opening of the trachea and prevents food from entering the trachea
4. Cricoid cartilage - single hyaline cartilage; forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region
5. Vocal cords - folds of smooth muscle tissue; vibrate as air passes through them to produce the sound of the voice; tend to be larger in males than in females, which create a deeper voice

Trachea

(Head, respiratory and digestive models)

1. Tracheal cartilages - C-shaped hyaline cartilage that prevent collapse of trachea; open posteriorly and are completed by the trachealis muscle 

Bronchial tree and lungs

(Respiratory model)

1. Primary bronchus (right and left) - arise from the trachea; one per lung; part of the bronchial tree; mucous membranes within the bronchi traps debris and pathogen
2. Secondary bronchi - first subdivision of the main bronchi; two on the left and three on the right; part of the bronchial tree; mucous membranes within the bronchi traps debris and pathogens
3. Lung (right and left) - pyramid-shaped, paired organs in the thoracic cavity; have a narrower superior apex and wider inferior base 
4. Oblique fissure - deep groove in both lungs; divides lungs into superior and inferior lobes
5. Horizontal fissure - deep groove in the right lung that separates the right middle lobe from the right upper lobe.
6. Diaphragm - dome-shaped muscle; separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity; major muscle of respiration
7. External intercostal muscles - superficial muscles of the thoracic wall; found between the ribs; assist in the expansion of the lungs during inspiration

Module 9 McGraw Hill Connect APR Cadaver Activity