Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory OER

Identify the following major anatomical components of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brainstem. 

1. Cerebral Hemispheres of the Cerebrum
2. Frontal Lobe
3. Parietal Lobe
4. Temporal Lobe
5. Occipital Lobe
6. Longitudinal Fissure
7. Central Sulcus
8. Precentral Gyrus
9. Postcentral Gyrus
10. Olfactory Tract
11. Lateral Sulcus
12. Parieto-occipital Sulcus
13. Broca’s Area
14. Wernicke’s Area
15. Corpus Callosum
16. Lateral Ventricles
17. Diencephalon
18. Thalamus
19. Hypothalamus
20. Epithalamus (Pineal Gland)
21. Infundibulum
22. Pituitary Gland
23. Third Ventricle
24. Optic Chiasm
25. Optic Tract
26. Midbrain
27. Corpora Quadrigemina
28. Cerebral Aqueduct
29. Cerebral Peduncles
30. Pons
31. Cerebellar Peduncles
32. Medulla Oblongata
33. Pyramids
34. Olives
35. Cerebellum
36. Vermis
37. Folia
38. Arbor Vitae
39. Fourth Ventricle
40. Cingulate Gyrus
41. Mammillary Body
42. Hippocampal Gyrus

• Models
  • The brain model
• Videos
  • The brain model video
• Virtual Lab on McGraw Hill
  • None
• OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook
  • Chapter 13.2

1. Cerebral Hemispheres of the Cerebrum - one of the four major regions of the brain; largest and most rostral part of the brain; two halves of the cerebrum separated by the longitudinal fissure; responsible for higher brain functions. 
2. Frontal Lobe - in the cerebrum; under frontal bone; rostral to the central sulcus; has the precentral gyrus (motor homunculus) and responsible for emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function. 
3. Parietal Lobe - in the cerebrum; under parietal bone; caudal to the frontal lobe and central sulcus; has the postcentral gyrus (sensory homunculus); responsible for integrating general sensory information (touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration) and taste.
4. Temporal Lobe - in the cerebrum; under temporal bone; below the lateral fissure; responsible for integrating  auditory sensation and memory.
5. Occipital Lobe - in the cerebrum; under occipital bone; most caudal lobe; responsible for primary visual perception (color, form, motion).
6. Longitudinal Fissure - in the cerebrum; a deep groove separating the cerebrum into two distinct halves called hemispheres (right and left). 
7. Central Sulcus - in the cerebrum; a vertical groove on the lateral side of the brain; separates the parietal and frontal lobes.
8. Precentral Gyrus - in the cerebrum; found in the frontal lobe; rostral to the central sulcus; the primary motor cortex (motor homunculus); houses the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract.
9. Postcentral Gyrus - in the cerebrum; found in the parietal lobe;  caudal to the central sulcus;  the primary somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus); responsible for integrating general sensory information (touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration) and taste.
10. Olfactory Tract -  a group of axons on the inferior part of the frontal lobe; part of the olfactory pathway of the brain.
11. Lateral Sulcus - in the cerebrum; a horizontal groove on the lateral side of the brain; separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
12. Parieto-occipital Sulcus - in the cerebrum; a groove (mostly on the medial surface) separating the parietal and occipital lobes.
13. Broca’s Area - in the cerebrum; a region in the left (mostly) frontal lobe anterior to primary motor cortex; responsible for the production of language, or controlling movements responsible for speech.
14. Wernicke’s Area - in the cerebrum; a region of the brain in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for comprehension of speech.
15. Corpus Callosum - in the cerebrum; a C-shaped tract found deep in the longitudinal fissure; connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex; ensures communication between hemispheres.
16. Lateral Ventricles - in the cerebrum; part of the ventricular system of the brain; paired C-shaped spaces in each cerebral hemisphere; communicates with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramina; produces and houses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
17. Diencephalon -  one of the four major regions of the brain; caudal to cerebrum and rostral to the brainstem; composed of three parts: epithalamus, thalamus itself and the hypothalamus.
18. Thalamus - part of the diencephalon; a collection of nuclei (second -order sensory neurons in sensory tracts); most sensory information passes through the thalamus before being processed by the cortex.
19. Hypothalamus - part of the diencephalon; inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus; a collection of nuclei involved in regulating homeostasis; connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum; main visceral control center.
20. Epithalamus - part of the diencephalon; superior and slightly posterior to the thalamus; contains the pineal gland producing melatonin; involved in the circadian rhythm. 
21. Infundibulum (aka the pituitary stalk) - connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
22. Pituitary Gland - bean-sized organ located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; produces multiple hormones that regulate a variety of functions.
23. Third Ventricle - part of the ventricular system of the brain; single space between the left and right sides of the diencephalon; communicates with the lateral ventricles (through the interventricular foramina)  and the fourth ventricle (through the cerebral aqueduct); produces and houses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
24. Optic Chiasm -  part of the visual system of the brain; an X-shaped structure, located directly in front of the hypothalamus and seen on the inferior part of the brain; formed by the intersection of left and right optic nerves.
25. Optic Tract - part of the visual system of the brain; a paired structure that is a continuation of the optic nerve after the optic chiasm. 
26. Midbrain - part of the brainstem (one of the four major regions of the brain); caudal to the diencephalon and rostral to the pons.
27. Corpora Quadrigemina - in the midbrain; formed of four “bumps” called colliculi (two inferior and two superior) on the posterior surface of the midbrain; reflex centers involving vision and hearing. 
28. Cerebral Aqueduct - in the midbrain; part of the ventricular system of the brain; a canal passing through the midbrain; connects the third to the fourth ventricle; filled with CSF.
29. Cerebral Peduncles - in the midbrain; on the anterior surface; house the corticospinal tract.
30. Pons - part of the brainstem (one of the four major regions of the brain); caudal to the midbrain and rostral to the medulla. 
31. Cerebellar Peduncles - in the midbrain; paired structures made of white matter on the anterior surface; consists of tracts running to and from the cerebrum. 
32. Medulla Oblongata - part of the brainstem (one of the four major regions of the brain); caudal to the pons and rostral to the spinal cord; important in respiratory (has the respiratory center) and cardio-vascular (has the vasomotor center) functions.  
33. Pyramids - in the medulla; white matter; place of decussation of corticospinal tracts. 
34. Olives - in the medulla; prominent oval structures located on the ventral surface lateral to the pyramids; gray matter; relay for proprioception. 
35. Cerebellum - one of the four major regions of the brain; second largest part of the brain; has two cerebellar hemispheres; major function in motor control. 
36. Vermis - in the cerebellum; unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the two cerebellar hemispheres; believed to be involved in maintaining upright posture. 
37. Folia - in the cerebellum; gray matter; folds of cerebellar cortex. 
38. Arbor Vitae - in the cerebellum; white matter so called for its branched, tree-like appearance;  brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum.
39. Fourth Ventricle - part of the ventricular system of the brain; a single space between the cerebellum (roof) and pons and medulla (floor); communicates with the third ventricle (through the cerebral aqueduct), the central canal and the subarachnoid space (through the three apertures); produces and houses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
40. Cingulate Gyrus - part of the limbic system; an arch-shaped convolution situated just above the corpus callosum; involved in processing emotions, behavior regulation, and autonomic motor functions.  
41. Mammillary Body - part of the limbic system; pair of small round bodies, located on the inferior surface of the brain; primary function is recollective memory (recalling memories). 
42. Hippocampal Gyrus - part of the limbic system; gray matter that surrounds the hippocampus; plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval.

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