Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory OER

Identify the following major anatomical structures. 

Bone tissue

1. Osteon 
2. Lacuna
3. Haversian’s Canal
4. Volkman’s Canal
5. Endosteum
6. Periosteum
7. Sharpey’s Fibers
8. Canaliculi
9. Concentric Lamellae
10. Circumferential Lamellae
11. Interstitial Lamellae
12. Osteocyte

Joints: shoulder, elbow and knee.  

1. Acromioclavicular Ligament
2. Coracoacromial Ligament
3. Coracoclavicular Ligament
4. Annular Ligament
5. Radial Collateral Ligament
6. Ulnar Collateral Ligament
7. Oblique Cord
8. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
9. Posterior Cruciate ligament
10. Tibial Collateral Ligament
11. Fibular Collateral Ligament
12. Medial Meniscus
13. Lateral Meniscus
14. Patellar Ligament
15. Patellar Tendon

• Models
  • Bone histology model
  • Shoulder joint model
  • Elbow joint model
  • Knee joint model
• Videos
  • Bone histology
  • Joints video
• Virtual Lab on McGraw Hill Connect
  • Online lab 2: Mitosis
• OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook
  • Chapter 6.3
  • Chapter 9.6 

Bone tissue model

1. Osteon (aka Haversian system) - the microscopic structural unit of compact bone composed of rings of calcified matrix called concentric lamellae (singular = lamella) surrounding a central opening called central canal.
2. Central canal (aka Haversian’s canal) - longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels. 
3. Concentric Lamellae -  rings of calcified matrix surrounding the central canal 
4. Circumferential Lamellae - layers of calcified matrix surrounding the entire bone (around the circumference of bone)
5. Interstitial Lamellae - ocalcified matrix that fills the space between osteons 
6. Lacuna - a space in the bone tissue found at the borders of adjacent lamellae and housing the osteocytes (plural - lacunae)
7. Osteocyte - a mature bone cell with processes; located in lacuna
8. Volkman’s Canal (aka perforating canal) - a horizontal channel with branches of nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels
9. Endosteum - a delicate membranous lining the medullary cavity, where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. 
10. Periosteum - a fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone; contains nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels; place of attachment for tendons and ligaments 
11. Sharpey’s Fibers - connective tissue fibers that attach periosteum to bone 
12. Canaliculi (singular = canaliculus) - tiny channels within the matrix that house cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes allowing them to communicate with each other and receive nutrients

Joints models

1. Acromioclavicular Ligament - runs horizontally from the acromion to the lateral clavicle. It covers the joint capsule, reinforcing its superior aspect.
2. Coracoacromial Ligament -  arched; passes between the coracoid process and the acromion superior to the shoulder joint; prevents upward dislocation of the shoulder
3. Coracoclavicular Ligament - joins the coracoid process of the scapula and the acromial extremity of the clavicle; formed of two ligaments: 1)conoid ligament – runs vertically from the coracoid process of the scapula to the conoid tubercle of the clavicle and 2)trapezoid ligament – runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the trapezoid line of the clavicle.
4. Annular Ligament - encircles the head of the radius; supports the head of the radius as it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint. 
5. Radial Collateral Ligament - arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and then blends into the lateral side of the annular ligament; supports the lateral side of the elbow.
6. Ulnar Collateral Ligament - triangular shaped; supports the medial side of the elbow; arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and attaches to the medial side of the proximal ulna.
7. Oblique Cord -  a ligament connecting the anterolateral aspect of the ulna proximally to the posteromedial aspect of the radius distally, inserting just below the radial tuberosity.
8. Anterior Cruciate Ligament - X-shaped; anchored inferiorly to the tibia at the intercondylar eminence, attaches anteriorly. Runs diagonally upward to attach to the inner aspect of a femoral condyle.
9. Posterior Cruciate ligament - X-shaped; anchored inferiorly to the tibia at the intercondylar eminence, attaches posteriorly. Runs diagonally upward to attach to the inner aspect of a femoral condyle.
10. Tibial Collateral Ligament (aka medial collateral ligament) - on the medial side of the knee; runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia.  
11. Fibular Collateral Ligament (aka lateral collateral ligament) - on the lateral side of the knee joint; runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.
12. Medial Meniscus - a C-shaped articular disc made of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia; attached to the medial tibial condyle, but not attached to the femur.
13. Lateral Meniscus - a C-shaped articular disc made of fibrocartilage between the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia; attached to the lateral tibial condyle, but not attached to the femur.
14. Patellar Tendon - tendon of quadriceps femoris attaching to the patella
15. Patellar Ligament - continuation of the patellar tendon inferior to the patella; attaches to the anterior tibia just inferior to the knee

Module 2 McGraw Hill Connect APR Cadaver Activity