Chemistry Textbook
- 1. Matter and Measurements
- 2. Atoms, Molecules and IonsToggle Dropdown
- 3. Composition of Substances and SolutionsToggle Dropdown
- 4. Stoichiometry of Chemical ReactionsToggle Dropdown
- 5. ThermochemistryToggle Dropdown
- 6. GasesToggle Dropdown
- 7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular GeometryToggle Dropdown
- 8. Liquids, Solids, and Modern MaterialsToggle Dropdown
- 9. Solutions and Colligative PropertiesToggle Dropdown
- 10. KineticsToggle Dropdown
- 11. Chemical Equilibria and ApplicationsToggle Dropdown
- 12. ThermodynamicsToggle Dropdown
- 13. ElectrochemistryToggle Dropdown
- 14. AppendicesToggle Dropdown
- Appendix A: Periodic Table of Elements
- Appendix B: Essential Mathematics
- Appendix C: Units and Conversion Factors
- Appendix D: Fundamental Physical Constants
- Appendix E: Water Properties
- Appendix F: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
- Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
- Appendix H: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
- Appendix I: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
- Appendix J: Solubility Products
- Appendix K: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
- Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Summary
- An element is made of only one kind of atom, Molecules of a compound contain two or mole elements that are chemically bonded. Mixtures contain two or more substances.
- New substances are formed in a chemical change and new substances are not formed in a physical change.
- Intensive properties are independent of amount of substance, extensive properties depend on the amount of substance.
- Significant digits are the digits that are measured in a measurement. All non-zero digits are significant. All leading zeroes are never significant. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant. Trailing zeroes are significant if the measurement if there is a decimal point anywhere in the measurement.
- When adding or substracting, round the answer to as many number of decimal places as present in the measurement with least decimal places. When multiplying or dividing, round the answer to as many number of significant digits as present in the measurement with least number of significant digits.
- density = mass / volume. Density is the physical property of a substance that allows you to convert the mass of a substance to its volume, and vice versa. Density of water is 1.0 g/mL at 25 oC.
- Base SI units: kilogram, meter, second, Kelvin, mole, ampere, candela. SI units of other physical quantities can be derived from these 7 base units.
- Metric prefixes are used to convert base unit to other units, Example: 1nm = 10-9m .
- To obtain conversion factors for areas (ie. length2 units), the conversion factor for length must be squared. To obtain conversion factors for volume (ie. length3 units), the conversion factor for length must be cubed.
- Other conversion factors for Volume: 1 cm3 = 1 mL; 1 dm3 = 1L
- Dimensional analysis method: Conversion factor is written as a fraction so that the given unit cancels out and desired unit is obtained.
Example: Length: 1 m = 100 cm
Area: 1 m2 = (100)2 cm2
Volume: 1 m3 = (100)3 cm3